Chancellorsville
Other Names: None
Location: Spotsylvania County
Campaign: Chancellorsville Campaign (April-May 1863)
Date(s): April 30-May
6, 1863
Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker [US];
Gen. Robert E. Lee and Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson [CS]
Forces Engaged: 154,734 total
(US 97,382; CS 57,352)
Estimated Casualties: 24,000 total (US 14,000; CS
10,000)
Description: On April 27, Maj. Gen. Joseph
Hooker led the V, XI, and XII Corps on a campaign to turn the Confederate left
flank by crossing the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers above Fredericksburg. Passing the Rapidan
via Germanna and Ely’s Fords, the Federals
concentrated near Chancellorsville on April 30 and May 1. The III Corps was ordered to join the
army via United States Ford. Sedgwick’s VI Corps and Gibbon’s division remained
to demonstrate against the Confederates at Fredericksburg. In the meantime, Lee left a
covering force under Maj. Gen. Jubal Early in Fredericksburg and marched with the rest of the
army to confront the Federals. As Hooker’s army moved toward Fredericksburg on the Orange Turnpike, they
encountered increasing Confederate resistance. Hearing reports of overwhelming
Confederate force, Hooker ordered his army to suspend the advance and to
concentrate again at Chancellorsville. Pressed closely by Lee’s
advance, Hooker adopted a defensive posture, thus giving Lee the
initiative. On the morning of May 2, Lt. Gen. T.J. Jackson directed his
corps on a march against the Federal left flank, which was reported to be “hanging in the air.” Fighting was sporadic on other
portions of the field throughout the day, as Jackson’s column reached its jump-off
point. At 5:20 pm, Jackson’s line surged forward in an
overwhelming attack that crushed the Union XI Corps. Federal troops rallied,
resisted the advance, and counterattacked. Disorganization on both sides and
darkness ended the fighting. While making a night reconnaissance, Jackson was mortally wounded by his own
men and carried from the field. J.E.B. Stuart took temporary command of Jackson’s Corps. On May 3, the
Confederates attacked with both wings of the army and massed their artillery at
Hazel Grove. This finally broke the Federal line at Chancellorsville. Hooker withdrew a mile and
entrenched in a defensive “U” with his back to the river at United States Ford.
Union generals Berry and Whipple and Confederate
general Paxton were killed; Stonewall Jackson
was mortally wounded. On the night of May 5-6, after Union reverses at Salem Church, Hooker recrossed
to the north bank of the Rappahannock. This battle was considered by many historians to
be Lee’s greatest victory.
Result(s): Confederate victory
CWSAC Reference #: VA032
Preservation Priority: I.2 (Class A)
National Park Unit: Fredericksburg
and Spotsylvania NMP